Electric motor



May 9 1933. F. J. LYDEN 1,908,522

ELECTRIC MOTOR Filed Jan. 27, 1932 2 Sheets-Sheet l Imventor @2601. Wttomeg May 9, 1933. F LYD N 1,908,522

ELECTRIC MOTOR Filed Jan. 27, 1932 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 Ihmentor l AHPFAES' IBO IBL Patented May 9, 1933 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE FRANK JOSEPH LYDEN, OF TORONTO, ONTARIO, CANADA ELEQTRIG MOTOR Application fi led January W, 1932. Serial No. 589,108.

This invention relates to electric motors of motor inregard to speed torque characterthe induction type, and is particularly diistic, efficiency, and power factor, and to prorected to single-phase electric motors. vide a single-phase motor having a stable In single-phase induction motors of the speed torque characteristic throughout the split-phase type difficulty has been eXperirange and a starting torque, which can be 55 enced due to the fact that an ordinary singleincreased by using a high resistance or a high phase induction motor as generally constructreactance motor. 7

ed has a low starting torque which is usually Further objects are to provide asingle-phase produced by some special means. Single motor which for a certain rating can be built phase motors have been made in which a con in the same frame size as a polyphase motor,

denser is associated with one of two windwhile motors as heretofore constructed have ings on the motor, but it has been found a polyphase to single-phase output ratio of that with the motors as heretofore constructl to 1;.

ed that if the condenser were large enough Further objects are to provide a singleto give an adequate starting torque, it would phase motor which has a high efiiciency, hi h 65 be too large when the motor was running power factor and an almost true rotating fie d under normal load. in smaller frame sizes than heretofore pos- In order to overcome the defect noted sible.

immediately above various means have been Further objects are to provide a singleprovided for operating switches, either manphase motor, which may be cheaply con- 70 ually or automatically, to vary the connecstructed due to the reduction ,in frame size tions to the motor after it has once started. and the absence of auxiliary starting appa- These devices involve mechanically an eleratus.

, ment of uncertainty in the operation of the Further objects are to provide a singlemotor, and electrically a speed-torque characphase motor, which is fool proof in its opera- 75 teristic which is unstable at the operating tion and which does not require any auxiliary speed of the switch. starting apparatus.

This invention is designed to overcome Embodiments of the invention are shown the defects noted above, and objects of this in the accompanying drawings, in which:

invention are to provide a novel form of in- Figure 1 is a schematic view of one form of duction motor in which no switching mechthe invention.

anism whatsoever is employed, but in which Figure 2 is a similar view showing a differan automatic altering of the electrical conent form of the invention.

ditions-of two windings in the motor is se- Figure 3 is a view of the transformer or cured without any switching mechanism choke employed in one ofthe circuits. 85

whatsoever, but through means inherent in Figure 4 is a sectional view on the line the construction itself, so that a single-phase H of Figure 3. motor is provided which has the desirable Figure 5 is a view showing speed torque characteristics, but which involves no auXicharacteristics of the high torquecondenser 40 liary swltching mechanism whatsoever. motor as heretofore constructed and of the Further ob ects are to provide a singlenew condenser motor. phase motor by using astandard two-phase Figure 6 is a view showing a series of motor having the same number of turns and curves indicating the relation between ourwlre size in each phase, although it is not rent and voltage taken by a condenser and a necessary, in connection with the equipment parallel connected transformer. It shows necessary to assure the desired operating conthat within a certain range an increase in dition. l voltage follows a decrease in current.

Further ob ects of th1s invention are to pro- The new single-phase condenser motor has vide a single-phase motor, Wl'llCh hassimilar a main winding A, see Figures 1 and 2, and

50 characteristics as a two-phase or a polyphase an auxiliary winding 13, which isdisplaced by 90 electrical degrees from winding A. The motor may have more turns in winding B than in winding A, it may have the same number of turns in both phases, or less turns in phase B than in phase A. The winding A is directly connected to the supply leads 1 and 2. The winding B is directly connected to one of the leads, for example the supply lead 1, and at the other end of the winding B it is connected to a common point 3 leading to a condenser 4 and a transformer or choke coil 5. The other ends of the choke coil or transformer and condenser 4 are connected to a common point 6 and from thence to the supply lead 2. The core of the choke or transformer is indicated by the reference character 7 in Figure 1.

However, it is not necessary to directly connect the free end of the winding B to the condenser. may be secured by providing a transformer 8 which is connected at an intermediate point to the free end of the winding B, the terminals of the transformer 8 being connected to the condenser 4. The other connections are as previously described in connection with Figure 1. I

In order to appreciate the, operating characteristics of this motor, it is necessary to state at this'point that a transformer and a condenser connected in parallel-such as used in connection with this motor show, with a voltage E impressed across this circuit, a rather peculiar current characteristic, as shown in Figure 6. The curves in Figure 6 are actual test data. Two sets of curves are shown. The full line curves were taken with a transformer having a uniform core cross section 7, see Figure 4, in all four legs, and the dotted line curves were taken with the same transformer, when the cross section of one leg was reduced (7 in Figure 4). The condenser capacity was not changed during the two tests taken.

I =total current taken by circuit with transformer cross section 7.

I =current taken by transformer with transformer cross section 7.

I =current taken bycondenser with transformer cross section 7.

I =total current taken by circuit with transformer cross section 7'.

I =current taken by transformer with transformer cross section 7 I =current taken by condenser with transformer cross section 7 E=voltage impressed across this circuit.

Starting with a low voltage E impressed across this circuit and gradually increasing it, one finds that the current I or I in creases with increasing voltage at first until the transformer is near saturation (knee in the saturation curves I or I From here on an increase in voltage will result a decrease in current I or I until at a still higher Instead, an autotransformer cfl'ectvoltage E the current again increases. This dip in the volt-am re curve is very important, can always e demonstrated, can be shifted for instance, by reducing the core cross section of the transformer (see I in Figure 6), thus working a change in the saturation curve from I to I or it can be increased or decreased by changing the condenser capacity.

This circuit can be so designed with a proper saturation curve of a suitable trans- -which'would be so large that if it produces high starting torque, would be too large for the apparatus to efliciently operate at full load, and with the standard or previously known connection and construction, it is necessary to reduce the condenser capacity by disofonnecting part of the condensers, or, which is equivalent, reduce the voltage across the condensers.

To approach ideal conditions the condenser capacity should be decreased gradually from zero speed to no load speed to assure a current in the auxiliary or B-phase of the same value as the current in the main phase but displaced by The voltage across the condenser on a single-phase condenser motor with condensers permanently connected across both phases, is low at starting and increases with the motor speed, reaching its highest value with the motor running synchronous speed, due to the field set u in the auxiliary or B-phase by the revolving field. As the capacitive current in a condenser is proportional to the voltage, the current in the auxiliar or B-phase will be low at starting, resulting in low torque, and the current at no load very high, whereas the ideal condition should be just the contrar T is ideal condition can very nearly be obtained with this new condenser motor, employing no switch whatsoever, but secure the decreasing leading current in the auxiliary or B-phase with an increasing voltage, that is, with increasing speed from standstill to no load, by means of the above describedtransformer condenser circuit and designing said circuit so that it operates around point L with the motor locked and around point 0 with the motor running idle.

It is therefore apparent that the starting torque and the maximum torque can be brought up by proper design of the apparatus to almost the same value as on a two-phase motor and the speed torque characteristic may be changed to suit the particular requirements by. using high resistance or high reactance rotors, justas it is done on ordinary polyphase motors. Figure 5 shows speed torque characteristics of a new condenser motor with various rotor resistances. The full line curve 9 indicates the relation between torque and ance with this invention a standard two-phase motor had been used rated H. P. with a -high resistance rotor. This motor tested as a two-phase motor delivered its maximum torque at starting being 3.15 times full load torque.

Using this motor in the described manner as a new single-phase condenser motor with properly designed transformer and condenser it also delivered its maximum torque at starting being 2.25 times full load torque. Some of its test data are:

' rnpercs Locked current in phase B Locked current in phase A 2.8 Locked line current 3.8 Full load current in phase B .9 Full load current .in phase A 1.2 Full load line current 1.68 When this very same motor was connected as a standard single-phase low torque condenser motor with fixed condensers connected in the usual manner, the maximum torque obtainable was, of course, very low.

The H. P. rating for this frame size in polyphase cannot ordinarily be kept in single 'haseand for theproper commercial rating of H. P. for this motor in single phase. The motor showed a maximum torque of 1.45 times full load torque and a starting torque of 0.55 times full load torque. Despite the high resistance rotor, the starting torque was much lower than the maximum torque. current decreasing effect in the B-phase with increasing speed cannot be obtained with the ordinary condenser motor. Some of its test data are:

Amperes Locked current in phase B; Lockedline current; 2.55

Full load current in phase Bat treme advantage in'the proper design and proportioning of the motor so that its external characteristics may be adjusted to suit The Full load line current at A; H. P. 1.15

This invention therefore produces an exany particular standard orunusual condition which it is desired to meet. The principle outlined in this invention gives more flexibility to the design of the motor, but primarily secures a single-phase induction motor which has a high starting torque, Whiclrhas a high efliciency and power factor, and further, in which no auxiliary switching means or altering of the circuits from starting to full load running conditions is required.

It'is to be understood that the expression transformer and the expression choke are used in an interchangeable sense, and

therefore such expressions are to be interpreted in this manner wherever they appear 1 in the appended claims.

Although this invention has been described in considerable detail, it is to be understood that such description is intended as illustrative rather than limiting, as the invention may be variously embodied and isto be interpreted as claimed.

I claim:

1. An induction motor having a pair of electrically spaced windings, a pair of leads connected to the" terminals of one of said windings, a unit consisting of an inductance and a condenser connected in effective parallel to said inductance, said unit being connected tosaid leads in series with the'other of said windings, said last mentioned winding having a greater number of turns than said first mentioned winding, said inductance being magnetically saturated during starting of said motor. v

2. An induction motor having a pair of electrically spaced windings, a pair of leads connected to the terminals of one of said windings, an inductance, a condenser directly connected tothe terminals of said inductance, said inductance and said condenser being connected directly in series with the other of said windings across said leads, said in'- :ductance including an iron core magneti- In testimon whereof, the signature of the inventor is a xed hereto.

FRANK JOSEPH LYDEN. 

